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Phá Dỡ – San Lấp Mặt BằngBố trí thép sàn kê 4 cạnh đúng tiêu chuẩn không chỉ quyết định đến tính thẩm mỹ, mà còn đảm bảo khả năng chịu lực, nứt, gãy… của sàn. Để làm được điều này, cách thực hiện và sự đan xen giữa các tấm sẽ được tính toán chi tiết trước khi bắt tay thực hiện.
Cách bố trí thép sàn bản ke 4 cạnh cơ bản
Các nguyên tắc bố trí thép sàn cơ bản
Hiểu rõ nguyên tắc và cách vận hành giúp người thi công đưa ra các bước chuẩn xác. Đồng thời dự trù phương án dự phòng nếu quá trình xây dựng xảy ra sai sót. Sau đây là các quy định cơ bản nhất:
- Chiều dài của thanh thép chịu lực chính phải bằng khoảng cách từ mép bê tông chịu sức nén đến điểm chính giữa của thanh thép chịu lực kéo.
- Lớp bê tông bao phủ bên ngoài thép sàn có bán kính tối ưu là 15mm và lớn hơn tiết diện của thanh thép đang sử dụng.
- Thép sàn phải gắn kết đúng với thanh dầm tiêu chuẩn.
Bên cạnh các quy định này, người thi công cũng cần có kinh nghiệm xử lý vấn đề, và linh hoạt thay đổi nếu bố trí sàn và thiết kế công trình không trùng khớp.
Cách tính toán trong bố trí thép sàn bản kê 4 cạnh
Để bố trí thép sàn bản kê 4 cạnh, người thi công chính phải có bản vẽ phác họa và dựa trên hệ lưới cột cơ bản. Đồng thời, thép sàn bản hoàn thành phải đạt các tiêu chí:
- Tính thẩm mỹ đẹp: sàn xếp đều.
- Kết cấu cơ bản phải hợp lý và tránh liên kết nhầm giữa các đầu mối.
- Khoảng trống giữa các khu vực sàn không được quá kín hay thưa thớt.
Xác định tải trọng tác động lên sàn bản kê 4 cạnh:
1/ Xác định tính tải
Tính tải và sơ bộ của sàn được tính dựa trên mặt cắt phẳng, thông thường sẽ được thực hiện theo công thức: hb = D/m x I.
Trong đó:
- hb: luôn là số chẵn.
- Giá trị m = 40 ÷ 45
- Giá trị: D = 0.8 ÷ 1.4 (tùy vào tải trọng lớn hay nhỏ.
- l = l1 ( đây là kích thước cạnh ngắn).
2/ Hoạt tải
Kí hiệu: p (kN/m2). Hầu hết đều được phân bổ đều cho 4 cạnh. Con số chính xác được tính theo tiêu TCVN 2737 -1995, đây là tiêu chuẩn cơ bản dành cho các công trình công nghiệp và dân dụng đơn giản.
3/ Tính nội lực của sàn
Tính nội lực sàn bản kê 4 cạnh theo tỷ lệ cạnh
Được tính dựa vào tỷ số L1/ L2. Trong đó:
- L1: kích thước cạnh ngắn.
- L2: kích thước cạnh dài
Dựa trên tỷ số, chúng ta sẽ có 2 kết quả sau:
- Nếu L2/L1 ≤ 2 => sàn bản kê 4 cạnh chịu tải trọng theo 2 phương.
- Nếu L2/L1 > 2 => sàn ngàm 4 cạnh chịu tải trọng theo 1 phương.
Ngoài ra, người chịu trách nhiệm tính con số này còn dựa vào liên kết các cạnh bản. Như vậy sẽ có:
- M1, M’ dùng để tính phần bê tông cốt thép nằm dọc cạnh ngắn.
- M2, M’ dùng để tính phần bê tông cốt thép nằm dọc cạnh dài.
*Lưu ý: nếu M’ = 0 là biên khớp và M’ = M1 hoặc M2 là biên ngàm.
4/ Tính cốt thép cần có
Nếu chiều rộng b = 1m = 1000mm, chiều dày bằng chiều cao sàn, chúng ta sẽ có công thức sau:
Công thức tính số lượng cốt thép
Các quy tắc bố trí thép sàn
1/ Khoảng cách tối ưu giữa lớp bảo vệ
Công thức cơ bản tính khoảng cách giữa các lớp = A + D1/2 hoặc A + D1 + D2/2.
Trong đó:
- A = 10mm đối với chiều cao ≤ 100mm
- A = 15mm đối với chiều cao > 100mm.
2/ Khoảng cách giữa các cốt thép
Nếu bản sàn có chiều cao ≥ 80mm, người thi công bắt buộc phải xe kẻ thanh thép vào giữa và nút uốn cần cách mép gối khoảng 1/6 với góc uốn 30 độ. Và số lượng cốt thép phân bố phải lớn hơn 10% so với cốt chịu lực.
Với cách tính thông số và cách bố trí thép sàn bản kê 4 cạnh được Hòa Bình giới thiệu trong bài, hy vọng sẽ cung cấp đến bạn những thông tin hữu ích cho nghề nghiệp hoặc môn học.
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