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Phá Dỡ – San Lấp Mặt BằngCách tính độ lún cho phép trong xây dựng
Độ lún cho phép là thông số giúp người thi công giảm thiểu các sai sót về cách tính độ nghiêng. Điều này giúp loại trừ các rủi rò về sập hay nứt đổ trong xây dựng. Vậy độ lún đúng tiêu chuẩn của nhà ở dân dụng và tòa cao ốc là bao nhiêu? Cùng tìm hiểu trong bài viết này nhé!
Khái niệm về độ lún trong công trình
Độ lún là con số ước tính của một công trình nhất định sẽ bị sâu dần xuống lòng đất sau quá trình thi công và do tác động của ngoại lực. Đây là hiện tượng tất yếu mà bất kỳ công trình dù lớn hay nhỏ đều phải trải qua.
Tuy nhiên, kiến trúc sư phải dự tính được độ lún tối thiếu và độ nghiêng phù hợp, tránh trường hợp tòa nhà cao tầng bị xiên vẹo sang một bên. Lún và nghiêng không chỉ ảnh hưởng vẻ ngoài của công trình, mà có thể đe dọa đến tính mạng con người nếu bị sập hoặc đổ vỡ.
Những nguyên nhân dẫn đến công trình bị lún:
- Người thi công làm qua loa, không sử dụng đúng số lượng nguyên vật liệu cần thiết, khiến cấu trúc móng yếu và không chịu nổi sức nặng của cơ cấu bê tông ở trên.
- Loại móng được thi công không phù hợp với thiết kế của công trình hiện tại.
- Nền móng mới và cũ quá gần, khiến khung nền bị lệch do chen chút và xâm lấn lẫn nhau.
- Thiếu khảo sát loại đất ở khu vực xây dựng. Đôi khi đất quá mềm hoặc khu vực thấp dễ úng nước cũng khiến thời gian lún của công trình nhanh hơn.
- Tính sai độ lệch ổn định của nền.
- Tăng số tầng hoặc chiều cao của công trình so với ban đầu, điều này khiến áp lực lên móng lớn và gây ra tình trạng lún nhanh.
- Ngoài ra, người thi công còn yếu tay nghề, làm sai lệch cấu tạo cơ bản của nền móng thông thường cũng là nguyên nhân gây ra tình trạng này. Đây là trường hợp hy hữu nhưng không phải không có.
Những quy định về độ lún cho phép trong xây dựng
Vấn đề sụt lún là chuyện khá hiển nhiên và luôn có trong bất kỳ công trình nào. Tuy nhiên, kiến trúc sư và người chịu trách nhiệm chính về công trình phải tính toán thật tỉ mỉ, sao cho độ lún càng ít càng tốt. Theo đó, nếu thuộc khoảng độ lún cho phép theo quy định này, công trình được thực thi có thể gọi là an toàn:
- Nhà ở và các công trình dân dụng: 8cm.
- Đối với các công trình cao tầng, dự án công nghiệp: 20cm.
Cách tính độ lún cho phép theo tiêu chuẩn của TCVN 9360:2012
Quy định chung
- Khảo sát loại đất và đánh dấu các cột mốc quan trọng trong nền đất được thi công. Từ đó sẽ xác định điểm tính chính xác và phương pháp áp dụng phù hợp.
- Thời gian đo được tiến hành ngay khi nền móng được hoàn thành.
- Số lần tính độ lún không giới hạn, chỉ cần đạt được độ lún mong muốn sẽ dừng. Mỗi lần đo không đạt yêu cầu, người thi công sẽ xem xét lại nguyên nhân và vấn đề nằm ở đâu.
- Độ lún được chia thành 2 loại: tương đối và tuyệt đối. Điều này phụ thuộc vào điểm chính được đo.
- Dụng cụ sử dụng đo đạc phải đạt yêu cầu về độ chính xác theo quy định.
- Các giai đoạn cơ bản của quá trình đo gồm: lập chương trình > tổ chức đo > xử lý các số liệu liên quan > trình bày báo cáo tổng hợp kết quả phân tích > nghiệm thu.
Hướng dẫn đo độ lún
- Bước 1: Đặt chân máy. Chân máy phải đứng vững trên mặt phẳng và cân bằng tốt, tránh gập ghềnh khiến sai số cao. Hai chân trước của máy phải song song với đường đo và chân phía sau cắt ngang mặt phẳng.
- Bước 2: Lắp máy đo vào chân đã đặt. Liên kết chắc chắn với nhau bằng ốc nối. Sau khi hoàn thành, người đo cần dùng tay để đảm bảo chúng không bị trật khớp.
- Bước 3: Tiến hành tinh chỉnh ba ốc cân và bọt nước.
- Bước 4: Đo đạc theo quy định.
Sau khi đã lấy những con số chuẩn xác, người đo đạc sẽ tổng hợp, tính toán theo tiêu chuẩn của TCVN 9360:2012. Cuối cùng là viết báo cáo và trình bày kiến nghị phù hợp.
Độ lún cho phép là bước đầu đảm bảo công trình xây dựng luôn an toàn từ quá trình thi công đến khi sử dụng. Để hiểu hơn về cách tính này, bạn có thể tìm hiểu chi tiết trong tiêu chuẩn TCVN 9360:2012.
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